据塔斯尼姆通讯社：一位伊朗高级安全官员表示，伊朗认为美国和以色列可能袭击伊朗基础设施的假话是一种鲁莽行为。伊朗已制定一项全面的计划，包括打击以色列关键基础设施，以及该地区美国能源基础设施。

US wheat fell 4.00% intraday to 635.75 cents/bushel.

After a weak July, South Korea's KOSPI surged as much as 17% intraday on July 31, the largest single-day gain on record. Foreign investors moved aggressively — net-buying about KRW1.6 tln within just over two minutes of the open and finishing the day with a record KRW7.18 tln net inflow; domestic retail investors recorded a record KRW8.2 tln net sell. Some market participants view the move as a trend reversal, but analysts warn the market’s sensitivity to foreign flows and its volatility make a sustained rally uncertain. Analyst Lee Chae-won said it is unclear whether the rise is a technical rebound or the start of an uptrend and pointed to the semiconductor cycle as decisive, advising investors to watch whether semiconductor supply bottlenecks and high operating margins persist beyond 2028 when positioning over the next six months. An asset manager added that retail investors locked in at current highs may sell near prior resistance around 8,000–9,000 points, which could cap gains.