Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said on the 19th that, following recent attacks on Saudi Arabia, Turkey will honor the Makkah Joint Defense Agreement and may provide Saudi Arabia with military-technical assistance. He said signatories are closely monitoring Houthi attacks from Yemen and condemned strikes on oil infrastructure, adding Saudi requests for aid would likely be technical areas Turkey can meet. Fidan dismissed claims the pact’s substantive progress has been slow.

Al Arabiya reported senior Iranian officials approved a legal provision to regulate data routing and transmission through the Strait of Hormuz.

Beijing Municipal Market Supervision Bureau has opened formal investigations into Hangzhou Taomei Aviation Services Co., Ltd., Tongcheng Network Technology Co., Ltd., Tujia Online Information Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. and Beijing Sankuai Information Technology Co., Ltd., citing suspected violations under the Anti‑Unfair Competition Law and the E‑commerce Law, following SAMR guidance and prior checks.