Last weekend Sentinel-2 satellite monitoring showed a sharp increase in Saudi Arabia's crude loadings in the Persian Gulf, the clearest sign yet that Riyadh is shifting export flows back toward the Strait of Hormuz after a key east–west pipeline was attacked and forced to close earlier this month. EU Sentinel-2 imagery identified supertankers with a combined loading capacity of about 14 mln barrels near Saudi Gulf export facilities — the highest level seen since June. Traders are seeking further

Federal Reserve official GOOLSBEE said restoring price stability "will not be painless".

China's State Data Bureau said on the 21st it has begun issuing the first national data-property registration certificates; 56 firms and institutions received official proof of data ownership, usage and operating rights. Recipients are mainly state-owned enterprises, public institutions and private companies across more than 10 sectors, including healthcare, transport, information technology and scientific research. The 15th Five-Year Plan outline calls for building a unified national data-property registration system.