ECB executive board member Kazimir said rate hikes are unavoidable.

WTI crude rose 1.00% intraday to $92.95/bbl.

Fighting between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has intensified in central Kordofan, with clashes reported across multiple locations. Since mid-September SAF launched large-scale operations in western and northern North Kordofan, seizing large areas and pushing the front west toward the Kordofan–Darfur border. Both sides are increasingly using drones and long-range strikes; SAF said it shot down more than 110 RSF drones in the first eight months of the year, while the RSF said it had shot down about 80 SAF drones.