Spanish Prime Minister Sanchez received French President Macron at the Moncloa Palace.

EU Energy Commissioner Dan Jørgensen told reporters at an EU energy ministers meeting in Dublin on the 29th that since the Iran conflict began in late February the EU has paid roughly €100 billion more to import the same volumes of fossil fuels, without receiving any additional gas or oil. He urged faster electrification and a shift to domestic green energy to reduce dependence on expensive imported fossil fuels.

Japan August industrial production YoY preliminary +3.4% vs expected +7.0%, prior +3.9%.