France is partnering with 10 European allies to expand its role as a nuclear power and strengthen deterrence against Russia under a plan President Macron calls "forward deterrence". First announced in March, the plan envisages deploying nuclear-capable Rafale fighters across Europe and building new bases, communications, early-warning and intelligence links with partners. Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Greece, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark have joined; the three Baltic

France is partnering with 10 European allies to expand its role as a nuclear power and strengthen deterrence against Russia under a plan President Macron calls "forward deterrence". First announced in March, the plan envisages deploying nuclear-capable Rafale fighters across Europe and building new bases, communications, early-warning and intelligence links with partners. Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Greece, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark have joined; the three Baltic states are excluded and Italy declined to participate.