Iran's Persian Gulf Strait Authority said vessels owned by South Korean shipping firm Changjin Shipping recorded the most transit violations in the strait over the past three months; at least seven of the firm's ships have faced enforcement measures. The authority warned cargo owners, beneficiaries and insurers that from Nov. 1 it will take legal action against any vessels committing such violations.

Moody's Analytics chief economist Mark Zandi said the Fed is unlikely to raise rates at this week's meeting and should not do so. He warned the U.S. economy faces growing risks, with Fed policy mistakes among them. Moody's risk matrix, which scores the likelihood and potential economic damage of risks over the next 12-18 months, shows numerous red warnings indicating risks are becoming more likely or more severe.

据国际文传电讯社：俄罗斯方面正就黑海航运事宜与土耳其保持联系。