Vanda Insights founder Vandana Hari warned Asia's reliance on fossil-fuel imports—about 90% of primary energy consumption—leaves regional economies exposed to global supply shocks for decades as demand rises and major new fuel discoveries remain scarce. She said import dependence is deepening and that geopolitical turbulence could persist for years to decades. A New Energy Outlook report said Asian economies would gain most from an energy transition and estimates energy import costs in Vietnam,

Vanda Insights founder Vandana Hari warned Asia's reliance on fossil-fuel imports—about 90% of primary energy consumption—leaves regional economies exposed to global supply shocks for decades as demand rises and major new fuel discoveries remain scarce. She said import dependence is deepening and that geopolitical turbulence could persist for years to decades. A New Energy Outlook report said Asian economies would gain most from an energy transition and estimates energy import costs in Vietnam, Japan, Indonesia and India will be 3–6% of GDP in 2025.