Turkey's defense ministry said a planned defense treaty with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia aims to create an institutionalized, sustainable framework for ties and will establish strategic political and military mechanisms based on agreements among the three countries' defense ministers, foreign ministers and military chiefs.

Michael Stephens of the Royal United Services Institute says Iran, Oman and the GCC are holding behind‑the‑scenes talks on maritime traffic management in the Strait of Hormuz. It is unclear whether Iran and Oman have agreed transit fees. Stephens says Oman engaged Iran with GCC acquiescence, which suggests the GCC has accepted a 'new reality' for the strait. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent has argued a new pipeline would make the strait 'irrelevant', but Stephens warns pipeline construction will take time. He adds that, as talks enter a new phase, Iran is strengthening its bargaining position and the US should not treat the situation as a political or strategic victory.

China A-share AI PC sector ticked higher briefly; Chunqiu Electronics hit the daily limit-up, Huaqin Technology had earlier hit limit-up, and Zhongshi Technology, Xinghuan Technology and Lianyun Technology also advanced.