安卡拉大學國際關係助理教授Betul Dogan Akkas表示，麥加聯合防禦協議首次面臨的實際考驗若圍繞胡塞武裝展開，而非以色列，將與該協議此前強調的伊斯蘭團結理念產生不協調。她在接受半島電視臺採訪時表示：“麥加防務協議可能首次被塑造成捍衛伊斯蘭土地的框架，而不是圍繞加沙或巴勒斯坦的以色列威脅展開，後者原本會是更明顯的敘事方式。”她表示：“以胡塞威脅作爲協議首次行動的框架，並不一定有利於該協議長期的品牌形象和外界認知。”她指出：“即便目標不是以色列或西方國家，最終針對的仍然是一個穆斯林國家、一個穆斯林民族，這使得相關行動具有一定爭議，也更加複雜。”胡塞武裝屬於宰德派什葉派穆斯林，並得到伊朗支持。阿卡斯表示，這一背景使該協議聲稱未來向其他成員開放的立場面臨更復雜的問題。她說：“當你表示該協議向其他參與方開放，而首次真正針對的對象卻是伊朗代理力量時，這對協議未來的發展方向意味着什麼？它最終會如何收場？”

Ukrainian President Zelenskiy said Russia's actions and choices point to continued escalation. He warned Russia will continue launching hybrid attacks against multiple European countries, not limited to NATO members. Moldova, which is not an EU or NATO member, has been hit by hybrid attacks and drone strikes, and Germany and Romania face similar threats.

Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi told reporters at the UN General Assembly in New York that Tehran has proposed a plan to the US to reopen the Strait of Hormuz within seven days. He said the plan builds on a memorandum of understanding reached in June but would only be implemented if specific conditions are satisfied and the US agrees. Araghchi added Iran would prefer completion before the US midterms but is not pressing on timing.