During the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–25), China’s two-way investment ranked among the world’s largest: cumulative inward FDI exceeded $750 bln over five years, while non-financial outward direct investment surpassed $800 bln across nearly 190 countries and territories. Domestic consumption expanded—retail sales of consumer goods crossed RMB40 trillion and later RMB50 trillion—and external trade hit new highs, with goods trade exceeding $6 trln and services trade topping $1 trln.