The Federal Reserve left the target range for the federal funds rate at 3.75%-4.00%, in line with market expectations.

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Desjardins economist Royce Mendes said the BOC slowed its tightening, raising rates by 25bps. He noted officials flagged the possibility of further hikes but the MPC was unanimous on exercising caution. Mendes called the decision difficult but forward-looking, saying it reduces the risk of later aggressive tightening that could shock the economy. He said a December hike is still highly uncertain—about a 50/50 chance—and he expects policymakers to tighten in phases, with the next and final hike likely in January.