Copper–zinc–tin–sulfur–selenium (CZTSSe) is a promising thin‑film PV material
but suffers efficiency loss when scaled due to film thickness nonuniformity.
Chinese researchers developed a solution‑based coating process suitable for
large‑area continuous production, producing highly uniform CZTSSe films on 10
cm² substrates and delivering a PV module conversion efficiency of 13.0%, a
world record for this type of module.
