The U.S. government on June 2 appealed a March 4 U.S. Court of International Trade ruling that Customs and Border Protection may not liquidate tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, a decision that requires refunds of tariffs collected under the Trump administration and could affect the ongoing refund process. CBP says more than 330,000 importers prepaid or paid roughly $166bn in those tariffs as of March 4; as of May 22 it had received refund claims totaling about $85bn

Kremlin says President Putin held a phone call with Belarusian President Lukashenko to discuss further development of bilateral alliance cooperation.

China International Capital Co said 6G ISAC commercialization—bringing more channels, higher frequency bands and greater integration—will drive comprehensive upgrades in RF PCB materials, processes and design, creating incremental demand across the PCB supply chain. The firm expects penetration of advanced materials, adoption of more complex processes and rising multilayer-board demand to support sustained volume and price appreciation in the communication PCB chain. To accommodate higher-frequency transmission, copper-clad laminate materials with lower dielectric constant (Dk), lower dielectric loss (Df) and superior thermal stability will become required, making upstream high-performance high-frequency materials such as PTFE early beneficiaries.